
Episode #24
Can We Still Tell What’s Real? Dr Carolina Scarton on Children, AI and Cognitive Warfare, Part Two
A 14-year-old refuses to study a Van Gogh painting because they are convinced it was generated by artificial intelligence. Children challenge their teachers with incorrect answers from ChatGPT. Young boys disappear into the online manosphere, absorbing misogyny, conspiracy theories and the belief that figures such as Andrew Tate offer the answers adults cannot. This is no longer a future problem. In Part Two of The Digital Forge , David Richards MBE continues his conversation with Dr Carolina Scarton , Senior Lecturer in Natural Language Processing at the University of Sheffield, about what misinformation is doing to children, classrooms and democracy. Carolina explains how engagement algorithms amplify anger, fear and division, why online extremism can move into the physical world, and how social media companies shift responsibility onto users while continuing to profit from the systems that created the problem. But the greater danger may not be believing what is false. It may be losing the ability to believe anything at all. The conversation examines the collapse of trust in teachers, scientists, journalists and institutions, and the risk of a generation treating AI as an oracle while dismissing human expertise. Carolina argues that banning smartphones or social media will not solve the problem. The stronger answer is education. She describes Finland’s approach to media literacy, where children learn to investigate claims, recognise manipulation and act as their own fact-checkers. She makes the case for teaching AI literacy in British schools so young people understand that a large language model is a tool built from data and probability, not an all-knowing source of truth. The discussion then moves into cognitive warfare, foreign interference and the deliberate flooding of the information environment with so much noise that society becomes paralysed. Carolina reveals how researchers identified Russian-linked propaganda operations through posting patterns, Russian bank holidays and traces left behind in website metadata. She also addresses the decisions being made inside the world’s largest technology companies, the removal of ethics teams, the use of AI in warfare and what happens when extraordinary technological power is concentrated among people drawn from the same narrow demographic. This is a conversation about children, education and artificial intelligence. But ultimately, it is about whether democracy can survive when people no longer share a basic understanding of reality. Carolina’s closing message is simple: Keep going. Do not give up. Follow The Digital Forge on Spotify, Apple Podcasts or YouTube so you never miss an episode. Meet speakers and join the Digital Forge community at ForgedForGrowth.com . For more analysis from David Richards MBE on AI, technology, work and society, subscribe to The Sunday Signal at TheSundaySignal.ai

