
Episode #12
The Biotech Race — How China is Winning & What Congress Must Do Now
This week on The Big 3 , Mihir Torsekar is joined by Caitlin Frazer, Executive Director of the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology, to discuss one of the most important—and least understood—strategic competitions facing the United States. The conversation begins by explaining why biotechnology is no longer just a healthcare issue. While most Americans associate biotech with new medicines and cancer treatments, biotechnology is rapidly becoming a foundational technology with applications across agriculture, defense, critical minerals, advanced materials, energy production, and manufacturing. As Frazer explains, roughly 60% of today’s supply chain inputs could eventually be produced using biology, making leadership in biotechnology a matter of economic and national security. The discussion then turns to China’s deliberate strategy to dominate the sector. For years, China specialized in manufacturing pharmaceuticals developed elsewhere. Today, however, Chinese firms are increasingly leading in early-stage drug discovery itself. American pharmaceutical companies are now signing tens of billions of dollars in licensing agreements with Chinese biotech firms, effectively paying for intellectual property that was developed overseas. Those investments risk accelerating China’s innovation ecosystem while weakening America’s own. Frazer also explains that China’s advantage is not based solely on intellectual property theft. Beijing has spent decades reforming regulations, investing in research infrastructure, cultivating scientific talent, and directing government-backed capital into biotechnology. The result is a rapidly growing innovation engine that increasingly competes head-to-head with American firms. The interview explores the national security implications of this shift, including China’s military-civil fusion strategy, dependence on Chinese pharmaceutical supply chains, biological data security, and the possibility that future medical breakthroughs could become geopolitical leverage. Finally, the conversation highlights areas where Congress has already begun responding. The National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology issued 49 recommendations in 2025, with roughly three-quarters now advancing through legislation or executive action. Frazer argues that while America still retains critical advantages, the window for maintaining leadership is narrowing. She points to the National Biotechnology Initiative Act and stronger biological data protections as among the most important next steps. The central message is clear: America still has time to preserve its leadership in biotechnology—but waiting much longer could make rebuilding that advantage far more difficult and expensive. CHAPTERS: 00:00 – Introduction 04:41 – Why Biotech Has Become a National Security Race—and How China Is Closing the Gap 13:23 – Why American Drug Companies Are Funding Chinese Innovation—and What It Means for U.S. Leadership 22:51 – How Congress Can Still Preserve America’s Biotech Advantage—Before the Window Closes 39:10 – Closing Remarks

